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蘇丹

蘇丹位於非洲東北部,紅海沿岸,撒哈拉沙漠東端。面積188.6萬平方公里,人口4100萬,多為阿拉伯穆斯林。歸咎於軍政府在達爾富爾戰亂問題上的專制統治,蘇丹曾一度被評為「世界上最不安定的國家」;後來,南蘇丹於2011年1月9日舉行公民投票,98.83%的投票支持獨立。2011年7月9日,南蘇丹共和國正式宣佈獨立。此後,蘇丹也時常被稱為「北蘇丹」。

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Sudanese demonstrators attack the U.S. embassy in Khartoum September 14, 2012. Three people were killed on Friday during a demonstration against an anti-Islam film outside the U.S. embassy in Sudan, Sudan's state radio said. REUTERS/Stringer(SUDAN - Tags: POLITICS CIVIL UNREST RELIGION)
Sudanese policemen try to disperse protesters demonstrating against an amateur film mocking Islam outside the German embassy in Khartoum on September 14, 2012. The low-budget movie called "Innocence of Muslims", which ridicules the Prophet Mohammed and portrays Muslims as immoral and gratuitously violent, has triggered protests in several countries. AFP PHOTO / ASHRAF SHAZLY (Photo credit should read ASHRAF SHAZLY/AFP/GettyImages)
Das 22-stöckige "Borg El Fatah El Azim" Hotel ("Tower of the Great Opening") aufgenommen am Freitag (07.12.2007) in Khartum. Das Hotel soll 2008 fertig gestellt werden. Foto: Peter Steffen +++(c) dpa - Report+++
A man waves the national flag of South Sudan during celebrations to mark the country's first anniversary of its independence in Juba, July 9, 2012. South Sudanese celebrating their nation's first birthday on Monday will bask in the pride of their hard-won political freedom, but many may ask when they will enjoy the material benefits promised by the government of former rebels. REUTERS/Adriane Ohanesian (SOUTH SUDAN - Tags: SOCIETY ANNIVERSARY POLITICS)
Oil engineers work before a ceremony in which oil operations at Heglig oilfield will resume in Heglig May 2, 2012. REUTERS/Mohamed Nureldin Abdallah (SUDAN - Tags: ENERGY BUSINESS)
epa03230672 Sudanese police and forensics investigate a burnt out vehicle following a car explosion in Port Sudan, in Sudan, on the Red Sea coast, on 22 May 2012. One person was killed in the explosion. EPA/STRINGER +++(c) dpa - Bildfunk+++
epa03230672 Sudanese police and forensics investigate a burnt out vehicle following a car explosion in Port Sudan, in Sudan, on the Red Sea coast, on 22 May 2012. One person was killed in the explosion. EPA/STRINGER +++(c) dpa - Bildfunk+++
In this photo released by the United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS), homes are seen burning in the town of Abyei, Sudan, Monday, May 23, 2011. Armed men burned and looted the flashpoint town of Abyei on Monday, the U.N. mission said, while Southern Sudan's military said the northern army is moving to carry out a "full-scale war" in the contested region. (Foto:UNMIS, Stuart Price/AP/dapd) EDITORIAL USE ONLY, NO SALES
A SPLA-N fighter sits with an anti-aircraft weapon near Jebel Kwo village in the rebel-held territory of the Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan, May 2, 2012. REUTERS/Goran Tomasevic (SUDAN - Tags: CIVIL UNREST)
This photo of Saturday, April 14, 2012, shows the aftermath of a bombing by the Sudanese Air Force in Bentiu, South Sudan . Two Sukhoi jet fighters dropped 6 bombs in the area, killing 5 and wounding 4 others. Two Sudanese warplanes dropped "many bombs" Monday April 16, 2012, on the oil-rich city of Heglig, as long-range artillery targeted southern army positions in the disputed town, said southern army spokesman Col. Philip Aguer. He did not give a casualty figure. He also said Monday that Sudan's air force killed five civilians in aerial attacks Sunday over Heglig. Aguer also said that the town of Bentiu in South Sudan's Unity State was hit and that the conflict has spread to several southern states bordering Sudan, including Western Bahr el Ghazal. (Foto:Michael Onyiego/AP/dapd)
This photo of Saturday, April 14, 2012, shows Sudan Peoples Liberation Army (SPLA) troops at their position in the Unity Oil Field near to the front lines at Heglig, South Sudan. Two Sudanese Sukhoi fighters dropped 6 bombs in the Bentiu area, killing five and wounding four others. (AP Photo / Michael Onyiego)
A SPLA soldier walks in a market destroyed in an air strike by the Sudanese air force in Rubkona near Bentiu April 23, 2012. Sudanese warplanes carried out air strikes on South Sudan on Monday, killing three people near the southern oil town of Bentiu, residents and military officials said, three days after South Sudan pulled out of a disputed oil field. REUTERS/Goran Tomasevic (SOUTH SUDAN - Tags: CIVIL UNREST POLITICS TPX IMAGES OF THE DAY)
A policeman walks past the smouldering remains of a market in Rubkona near Bentiu in South Sudan Monday, April 23, 2012. A boy was killed and at least two people were wounded Monday when Sudanese aircraft bombed an area near the town of Bentiu in South Sudan, an official and witness said, increasing the threat of a full-scale war breaking out between the two nations. (Foto:Michael Onyiego/AP/dapd)
--- DW-Grafik: Peter Steinmetz
Source News Feed: EMEA Picture Service, Germany Picture Service South Sudan President Salva Kiir Mayardit (L) and his Chinese counterpart Hu Jintao toast during a signing ceremony at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing April 24, 2012. Hu told Kiir on Tuesday that he hoped for calm and restraint between the two Sudans, state television reported. Kiir's visit to Beijing comes days after he ordered troops to withdraw from the oil-rich Heglig region after seizing it from Sudan, a move that brought the two countries to the brink of all-out war. REUTERS/Kazuhiro Ibuki/Pool (CHINA - Tags: POLITICS) // eingestellt von se
BRUSSELS, March 20, 2012 President of South Sudan Salva Kiir Mayardit speaks during a press briefing after meeting with President of European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso (not seen) at the EU headquarters in Brussels, capital of Belgium, March 20, 2012
epa03162788 A destroyed vehicle is seen following clashes between Sudanese and South Sudan's forces in the border oil-rich city of Heglig, Sudan, 28 March 2012. According to reports, clashes erupted on 26 March around oil fields that are claimed by the Sudanese government. The Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union, Jean Ping on 27 March expressed his deep concern over the escalating security situation along the border between Sudan and South Sudan EPA/STRINGER +++(c) dpa - Bildfunk+++
Generalleutnant Omar Hasan Ahmad al-Baschir (arabisch ‏عمر حسن أحمد البشير‎, DMG ʿUmar Ḥasan Aḥmad al-Bašīr; * 1. Januar 1944 in Hosh Bannaga bei Schandi, Sudan) ist der Staatspräsident des Sudan, der 1989 nach einem unblutigen Militärputsch an die Macht kam und das Land nach einer islamisch-fundamentalistischen Haltung regiert. Seit 1993 ist al-Baschir Staatspräsident.
Image #: 17572235 Rebels from Sudan's Nuba Mountains pick through an exploded munitions truck of the Sudanese government after a battle in the town of Tess. Alan Boswell/MCT /LANDOV
EU foreign policy chief Catherine Ashton addresses the media after an EU foreign ministers meeting at the European Council building in Brussels, Monday, Nov. 14, 2011. European Union foreign ministers decided Monday to impose additional sanctions on 18 Syrian people and organizations in response to the continuing killings of protesters by the regime of President Bashar Assad. (Foto:Yves Logghe/AP/dapd)
The main base camp for Heglig oil field near Bentiu, southern Sudan, is shown May 10, 2001. Since July 1997, a consortium of Chinese, Canadian, Malaysian and Sudanese companies have spent more than $1 billion to bring Sudan's oil online. Critics and humanitarian groups say the money is fueling an 18-year civil war in the south in which an estimated 2 million people have already died, mainly from war-induced famine. (AP Photo/Abdul Raouf)
A girl looks into the cockpit of a Russian made Mig-29 jet fighter during the open air show at the military air base of Graf Ignatievo, east of the Bulgarian capital Sofia, Monday, June, 1, 2009. (AP Photo/Petar Petrov)
ARCHIV - Ein Handout der African Union-United Nations Hybrid Operation in Darfur (UNAMID) zeigt einen bewaffneten Sudanesen am 19.05.2011 nahe Kuma Garadayat, einem Dorf in North Darfur im Sudan. Vieles deutet auf ein unruhiges Jahr auf dem schwarzen Kontinent hin. Schließlich sollen auch in etwa 30 Wahlen über neue Parlamente und Präsidenten entschieden werden. Allerdings ist der Konflikt in Darfur von einer Befriedung weit entfernt. Foto: Albert Gonzales Farran/epa/Handout Editorial Use Only No Sales (Zu dpa-Korr.: «Afrika vor Umbrüchen» vom 20.12.2011) +++(c) dpa - Bildfunk+++