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美研究:中國將具更大威懾力

2013年5月3日

美國智庫一項研究指出,中國有可能利用其日益增長的實力來試圖迫使日本在兩國對峙中讓步,但北京是否願意與美國及其盟友形成冷戰式的對峙還值得懷疑。

https://p.dw.com/p/18Rh8
Staff members check a carrier-borne J-15 fighter jet on China's first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, in this undated handout photo released by Xinhua News Agency on November 25, 2012. China has successfully conducted flight landing on its first aircraft carrier, the Liaoning, after its delivery to the People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy on September 25, 2012, Xinhua News Agency reported. REUTERS/Xinhua/Zha Chunming (CHINA - Tags: MILITARY SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY POLITICS TRANSPORT) FOR EDITORIAL USE ONLY. NOT FOR SALE FOR MARKETING OR ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS. THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN SUPPLIED BY A THIRD PARTY. IT IS DISTRIBUTED, EXACTLY AS RECEIVED BY REUTERS, AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS. CHINA OUT. NO COMMERCIAL OR EDITORIAL SALES IN CHINA. YES
Erstes Flugzeug auf chinesischem Flugzeugträger gelandet圖片來源: Reuters

(德國之聲中文網)位於華盛頓的卡內基國際和平基金會(Carnegie Endowment for International Peace)周四發表的報告,旨在對中國的崛起及其未來數年對美日聯盟造成的影響進行有史以來最為全面翔實的公開評估。

中國的國防開支近年來不斷攀升,在與日本關係日益緊張的背景下,中國頻頻派出船隻靠近具有主權爭議的島嶼,已經為地區局勢敲響了警鐘。

中國不會輕易冒險

卡內基基金會的這份報告指出,中國可能將武力視為處理對外糾紛的最後手段,不會輕易使用,但北京可能對爭議島嶼(中稱釣魚島,日稱尖閣列島)的意義予以特別重視。

An aerial photo shows a Chinese marine surveillance ship Haijian No. 66 (C) cruising next to Japan Coast Guard patrol ships in the East China Sea, near known as Senkaku isles in Japan and Diaoyu islands in China, in this photo taken by Kyodo April 23, 2013. Japanese nationalists sailed a flotilla of boats on Tuesday in waters near islands at the centre of a row between China and Japan, putting further strain on Tokyo's tense ties with Beijing as a group of more than 160 Japanese lawmakers visited a shrine seen by critics a symbol of Japan's past militarism. Japanese and Chinese patrol ships have been playing a cat-and-mouse game near the Japanese-controlled East China Sea islands, where China is seeking to assert its claim to sovereignty by sending ships into the disputed waters. Mandatory Credit. REUTERS/Kyodo (JAPAN - Tags: POLITICS) FOR EDITORIAL USE ONLY. NOT FOR SALE FOR MARKETING OR ADVERTISING CAMPAIGNS. THIS IMAGE HAS BEEN SUPPLIED BY A THIRD PARTY. IT IS DISTRIBUTED, EXACTLY AS RECEIVED BY REUTERS, AS A SERVICE TO CLIENTS. MANDATORY CREDIT. JAPAN OUT. NO COMMERCIAL OR EDITORIAL SALES IN JAPAN. YES
中日船隻在爭議島嶼附近對峙圖片來源: Reuters

報告寫道,在未來15到20年中,最有可能對美日聯盟構成挑戰的潛在威脅,並不是中國和日本或美國發生大規模軍事衝突,而是北京日益增長的威懾強制力量--不斷提升的軍事力量可能幫助北京在不動用軍事攻擊手段的情況下,對中日島嶼主權爭議施加影響,或者試圖解決爭議。

卡內基基金會研究認為,至少到2030年,中國針對美國及其盟友發動"亞洲冷戰",或者中國主導亞洲事務這樣的"劇變",應該不會發生。

這份篇幅為395頁的報告由九名專家聯合撰寫,其中主筆是退役的中國安全問題專家史文(Michael Swaine)。他們此次避免了過去相似的中國研究僅僅考慮軍事因素而忽略其它,或者總是做出最糟預測的誤區。

對日態度強硬與否取決於中國經濟增長?

該報告設想了中國可能發生的兩種情景:一是其經濟可能以更為緩和的速度繼續增長,每年的增長率大概4%到5%左右,而北京領導層將聚焦於維護國內穩定。在這種情況下,中國在未來15到20年內,可能會對日本以及美日聯盟採取"克制和大面積防禦姿態",大體上和現有政策保持一致。

但第二種情況也是可能出現的,那就是中國維持經濟高增長,從而也會採取越來越自信武斷的立場。中國可能會嘗試著增加對日本施壓,但也可能會繼續尋求經濟合作,盡量避免過度驚動東京和華盛頓。

Japan's Prime Minister Shinzo Abe speaks next to a map showing participating countries in rule-making negotiations for the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) during a news conference at his official residence in Tokyo March 15, 2013. Abe announced on Friday that Tokyo will seek to join talks on a U.S.-led Pacific free trade pact which proponents say will tap vibrant regional growth, open Japan to tough competition and boost momentum for reforms needed to revive the long-stagnant economy. REUTERS/Toru Hanai (JAPAN - Tags: BUSINESS POLITICS)
「鷹派」安倍晉三注重美日聯盟圖片來源: Reuters

去年年底重返首相寶座的保守派政治家安倍晉三,已經在提高國防開支、修改二戰後制定的日本和平憲法等方面做出了實際的動作。但是這份卡內基報告對於日本大幅調整對華政策表示懷疑,主要原因包括和平憲法的制約、日本經濟增長疲軟、社會持續老齡化以及兩國經濟利益的千絲萬縷聯繫。

報告寫道:"儘管最近一段時間兩國之間的對立性氣氛暫時佔了上風,但是日本很有可能會繼續採取對華合作的政策,使用剛柔並濟的策略。"儘管有人猜測,華盛頓可能縮減駐日的軍事力量,但日本仍將其與美國之間的盟友關係視為頭等要務。

來源:法新社 編譯:雨涵

責編:洪沙