Tarihin kotin ICC

Kotin ƙasa da ƙasa dake birnin the Hague kokuma La Haye da farasanci, ta na ƙasar Holland.Koti ce ta mussamman da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta girka domin yin shari'a ga mutanen da aka samu da hannu a cikin aikata kisan kiyasu ga jama'a hasali ma lokatan yaƙe-yaƙen dake wakana a ƙasashen duniya.

Idan muka duba tarihi tun shekara 1870,lokacin da aka gwabza yaƙi tsakanin Faransa da Prusse, wata ƙasa da zamanin da, ta ƙunshi a halin yanzu Jamus da wasu ƙasashe maƙwfata,tun a wannan lokacin ƙungiyar Red Cross ta bada shawara ƙirƙiro wata koti ta ƙasa da kasa wadda za ta hukunta mutanen da aka samu da lefin hallaka jama'a masu yawa.Wannan ta wuce , sannan bayan yaƙin duniya na farko a ka sake bankaɗo wannan shawara a yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka rattabawa hannu tsakanin Jamus da ƙasashen ƙawance wanda suka ci yaki, wannnan yarjejeniya da aka rattabawa hannu a birnin Versailles na ƙasar Faransa,ita ce ma ta kawo ƙarshen yakin duniya na farko kuma ta kawo batunn girka kotunkasa da ƙasa ba tare da nasara ba.Yunƙuri na ukku domin kafa wannan kotu,ya faru bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu.Duk da cewar a nan ma ba a yi nasara kafa wannan kotu ba, amma an yi nasar girka wasu kotuna biyu domin gudanar da shari'ar mutanen da ke tuhuma da leffin kisan kiyasu lokacin yaƙin duniya na biyu,an girka wata a birnin Nürenberg na Jamus, sannan ta biyu a birninTokiyio na ƙasar Japan.

Sai a karon farko a shekara 1948, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da girka koti ta dindindin mai zaman kanta, wadda za ta dinga kulawa da shari'a aikata kisan ƙare dangi.

A taƙaice dai ba a girka wannan koti ba sai a shekara 1998, sakamakon yarjejeniyar da ƙasashen duniya suka cimma a birnin Roma na ƙasar Italiya.A cikin ƙasashe 120 da suka halarci taron da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kira domin yanke shawara game da batun girka kotin ICC, ƙasashe bakwai kaɗai suka ƙi amincewa, sannan 21 su ka ɗauki matsayin 'yan ba ruwanmu, kenan ƙasashe 92 suka amince.Saboda haka an samu gagaramin rinjye, to saidai ba za a girka kotin ba a zahiri sai lokacin da aƙalla majalisun dokokin ƙasashe 60,daga cikin ƙasashen da suka halarci taron Roma su ka kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa da wannan koti.

To ba a tattara wannan ƙasashe ba sai a shekara ta 2002 wato yanzu shekaru goma kenan da suka gabata, saboda haka an girka kotin ICC gadan-gadan, ranar 1 ga watan Julin shekara ta 2002, wato yau shekaru 10 kenan da suka wuce.

Kasashen da suka amince da kotin ICC da wanda ba su amince da ita ba:

Kasashen duniya 121 ne su ka amince da kotin ICC, wato wanda suka amince da yarjejeniyar Roma da kuma majalisun dokokinsu su ka kaɗa kuri'ar amincewa da wannan kotu.

Daga ƙasashen da ba su amince da ICC ba, akwaita Amurika, wadda ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar Roma, amma Majalisar Amurika ba ta kaɗa ƙuri'ar amincewa ba.

Akwai Israela, Rasha da kuma China.

A Afrika ba duka ƙasashe suka amince da wannan koti ba, babban misali shine na ƙasashen Sudan da Cote d´Ivoire Libiya , Mauritaniya.Daga ƙasashe 54 na Afrika 33 ne suka amince da wannan kotu.

Kotin ICC na da jami'anta wanda ke gudanar da bincike, misali a ƙasar Cote d´Ivoire an yi yaki, to sai ta aiaka wannan jami' in su bincika su ga ko kashe-kashen da a kayi ya kai mizanin da za a gurfana da mutanen gaban ta.Daga girka ta shekara 2002 kawo yanzu, ICC ta ƙaddamar da bincike a cikin ƙasashe bakwai duk na nahiyar Afrika, wannan ƙasashe kuwa sune Yuganda,Jamuriya Demokradiyar Kongo,Jamhuriya Afrika ta Tsakiya,Sudan Kenya, Libiya da Cote d´Ivoire.A cikin wannan ƙasashe bakwai ICC ta yanke shawara gurfanar da mutane 16 wanda duk take tuhuma da aikata kisan kiyasu ga jama'a.Daga cikin mutanen 16,ta bada sammacin bakwai, wanda har yanzu ba ta yi nasara cafkewa ba, wanda suka hada da shugaban ƙasar Sudan Omar Hassan El-Beshir, da Joseph Kony shugaban ƙungiyar tawayen LRA, a yanzu haka ta na riƙe da huɗu daga cikin su akwai tsofan shugaban ƙasar Cote d´Ivoire Larent Gbagbo.

Daga jerin wannan mutanen, ICC kawo yanzu ta yi shari'a mutum ɗaya tilo, wato Thomas Lubanga na ƙasar Kongo.

Mi ya sa a ƙasashen Afrika ne kaɗai ICC ta ke gurfanar da mutane alhali ba nan kaɗai a ke rikici ba.

Tsofan babban alkalin kotin ICC Louis Moreno Ocampo ya taɓa bada amsar wannan tambaya , bari mu saurari hujjojin da ya bada:

" Mu na bincikawa ne domin mun tantance ta'asar da ta fi muni,sakamakon bincike ya haƙiƙance cewar ta'asoshin dake gudana a Afrika sun fi na ko ina muni, saboda haka ya zuwa wannan lokaci ƙasashen Afrika kaɗai aka gurfanar da su gaban wannan koti".

Yaƙe-Yaƙen Ruwanda da Saleo da tsohuwar Yugoslabiya sun faru kamin a girka kotun ICC, saboda haka, akwai kotuna na mussamman wanda MDD ta kafa, wanda kuma suke kulawa da wannan shari'a.

Misali game da kisan ƙare dangi da ya wakana a tsohuwar Yougolabiya, an girka wata kotuita mussamman tun shekara 1993,wada itama ke birnin the Hague kokuma La Haye a ƙasar Holland, akwai kuma kotin musamman game da yaƙin Ruwanda wanda MDD ta girka a birnin Arusha na ƙasar Tanzaniya a shekara 1994, sai kuma kotin mussamman game da ta'asara da ta faru a ƙasar Saleo.

Bambanci tsakanin kotin ICC da kotin ICJ

Haƙiƙa akwai bambanci mai yawa, to amma mutane ba suka cika fayyace shi ba.Kwanakin baya na kai ziyara a birnin The Hague inda na je na ganewa idona dukkan kotunan biyu.

Ita kotin ICC ta na kula ne da yi wa mutane sdhari'a wanda aka samu da manyan lefikan aikata kisan ƙare dangi ga jama`a , ita kuwa ICJ ta na kula da shari'a ne tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, misali idan ƙasashe biyu su da wata matsala da suka kasa warwarewa ,to sai su gabatar da ita a wannan kotu ta ICJ kokuma CPJ.Misali a shekarun bayan an samu matsala tsakanin jamhuriya Nijar da Benin game da mallakar wani tsibiri dake kan iyakar ƙasashen biyu wanda ake kira tsibirin Lete to da ƙasashen biyu suka kasa warware matsalar maimakon su shiga yaƙi da juna kan wannan tsibiri ,sai suka gabatar da matsalar ga kotin ICJ, bayan ta gudanar da bincike ,sai kotin ta ba Jamhuriya Nijar gaskiya, ta ce tsibirin Lete mallakar Nijar ne, haka zalika, matsalar Bakasi tsakanin Kamaru da Najeriya, kotin ICJ ta yanke hukuncin da muka sani.

Ban da kotin ICC da ICJ da ma sauran kotunan na musamman, akwai kuma kotin kare haƙƙoƙin bani Adama ta gamayyar ƙasashen Turai, ita ma cibiyarta na The Hague, yawan kotuna dake birnin shi ya sama ake wa The Hague kokuma La Haye taken babban birnin shari'a da adalci na duniya.

Mawalladfi:Yahouza Sadissou Madobi
Edita: Umaru Aliyu