Tackling Development
January 11, 2011
The first decade of the new millennium gave little cause for optimism. It began with the terrorist attack of September 11, 2001, continued with the collapse of the international financial system and ended with the failed climate conference in Copenhagen. Clearly, nation states have yet to learn how to defuse global systemic risks. In the second decade steps must at last be taken to set the course for stable and fair globalization. To this end, international cooperation must assume a new quality.
The focus is on three challenges:
Change to a climate-compatible world economy
The climate conference held in Cancun in late 2010 brought a glimmer of hope, but nothing like a breakthrough. The coming decade must see an end to the growth of greenhouse gas emissions and a permanent reversal of the trend worldwide if a dangerous climate change is still to be prevented. Some 2.5 tons of emissions per capita a year is all that the growing world population can afford between now and 2050. Currently, the USA is emitting 20 tons per capita, Europe 10 tons and China 5 tons. A drastic change of course is therefore necessary to ensure a climate-compatible future.
The global energy system must be rapidly converted to renewable energy sources, and the global urbanization thrust and growing mobility must be made climate-compatible. A major economic transformation, a wave of new, green businesses that will change the basic structures of the world economy, needs to be stimulated: investment in research, development and innovation, university education, urban planning, business schools and development policy must all be geared to low-carbon development.
With the United States refusing to take up this challenge to humankind, the major actors to tackle global warming are Europe, China and India. Europe (still) enjoys competitive advantages in green technologies, China intends to use its 12th five-year plan to show that low-carbon growth and poverty alleviation are not mutually exclusive, and India is developing ambitious green energy strategies.
If Europe, China and India could agree on a bold joint emission-trading system, a wave of green innovations would be triggered throughout the world. This would be a worthwhile project for a newly emerging European foreign policy.
Africa: a continent of opportunities
Poverty alleviation is making no progress in some 30 of the world's countries. They are ensnared in a downward spiral of poverty, conflicts over resources, poor governance and state failure. Sudan, Congo, Somalia and Afghanistan are examples of these vicious circles of poverty. There are no simple solutions: long-term and shared commitment by the international community, interaction of foreign, development and security policies, transparency in the international raw materials markets, combating money laundering are some of the key ideas.
Yet many poor countries, some once affected by conflict, are growing and reducing poverty - despite the global economic crisis.
Almost 20 African economies, including Gambia, Benin, Rwanda, Liberia and Malawi, are charting a very promising course. As in many Latin American countries, the dynamic is largely due to resource-based exports to Asia. This is a risky pattern of development. If the opportunities for growth are to be seized and a fresh "resource curse" culminating in corruption, the enrichment of elites and violence is to be avoided, the right course must be set now.
Resource-based development cannot succeed without the rule of law, good governance and prudent resource management. Sustained investment in education and innovation geared to the long-term must ensure that countries develop their own knowledge potentials and reduce their dependence on international advisers. The development of modern communications infrastructure is not a luxury, but a precondition for good governance, new opportunities for small farmers and linkage with the dynamic cores of the global economy. All these countries must also exploit their favorable natural conditions and meet their growing energy requirements from modern renewable sources.
In these economies development policy should strengthen the political, economic and social actors who back sustainable modernization. It should also persuade international firms, whether from Europe, China, India or Brazil, to commit themselves to common sustainability standards for investment and resource management in developing countries. Then there will be a chance of a significant reduction in the number of very poor countries in the coming decade.
Strengthening the G20 and Europe
The coming decade will show whether the old, Western powers and the emerging economies centered on China, India and Brazil will descend into zero-sum competition for increasingly scarce resources, markets, power and allies or whether it will be possible in the G20 framework to create a cooperative climate in which to address the global challenges facing humankind in the 21st century.
Europe can contribute to this cooperative climate, but only if it actively accepts a global responsibility, displays vision and learns to act strategically. For this a European tour de force will be needed, because so far the EU has not even managed to become a center of gravity in international climate and energy policy or forge effective alliances for a low carbon future. If Europe continues to lose creative power in the coming decade, its small countries and medium-sized powers will become playthings in a globalizing movement driven forward by others.
Prof. Dr. Dirk Messner, Director of the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE)
The German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) is one of the leading think tanks for development policy worldwide. The institute draws together the knowledge of development research available worldwide, dedicating its work to key issues facing the future of development policy. DIE is building bridges between theory and practice and works within international research networks.
Editor: Tamsin Walker